Reported Speech

Usamos "Reported Speech" (discurso indireto) para relatar o que aconteceu em um diálogo, sem precisarmos de usar aspas ou fazer citações.

Ex.: Direct Speech --> He said: "I don't want to go to school."
Reported Speech --> He said he didn't want to go to school.

Para relatar uma frase que foi dita por alguém no passado, usamos um verbo introdutório, como say, tell, explain, em sua forma no passado (said, told, explained), e depois a frase dita, com as devidas alterações de acordo com a tabela abaixo:

Direct Speech Reported Speech Example
Simple Present Simple Past He said: "I want some oranges."
He said he wanted some oranges.

Present Continuous Past Continuous They said: "We are studying hard."
They said they were studying hard.

Simple Past Past Perfect She said: "I needed you, but uou weren't here."
She said she had needed him, but he hadn't been there.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Tom said: "I was talking to Mary."
Tom said he had been talking to Mary.

Present Perfect Past Perfect They said: "We've worked together."
They said they had worked together.

Going to- Future was/were going to. I said: "I'm going to visit Jim"!
I said I was going to visit Jim"

Must Had to* She told me: "I must hurry up."
She told me she had to hurry up.

Atenção!
Pronomes Pessoais, Pronomes Objetivos, Pronomes e Adjetivos Possessivos devem ser trocados de acordo com o contexto da frase:

USED TO

USA-SE PARA :

• Falar de/descrever situações que ocorreram no passado;
• Indicar que já não se praticamno presente

AFIRMATIVA

sujeito + used to + infinitivo do verbo

NEGATIVA

sujeito + didn´t + use to + infinitivo do verbo

INTERROGATIVA

did + sujeito + use to + infinitivo do ver

IF CLAUSES

Type I

Exprime a possibilidade real de uma coisa acontecer, embora sob determinada condição.

If + present + future

Type II

Exprime uma situação imaginária, embora talvez possivel.

If + verbo no past simple, sujeito + would + infinitivo do verbo

Present Perfect

O Present Perfect:

*Liga o passado ao presente, referindo-se sempre a um tempo indefenido;

*Nunca pode, ser usado com qualquer tipo de indicação sobre um tempo defenido, por isso nunca poderás usar por exemplo palavras como yesterday, last month, two weeks ago.

*O present perfect usa-se com adverbios e expressões adverbias como: recently, ever, never, already, recently...


Forma:

Sujeito + verbo to have + partícipio passado do verbo principal.

Afirmativa

Ex.: I/You/We/They have painted.
He/She/It has painted.

Negativa

Ex.: I/You/We/They have not (haven't) painted.
He/She/It has not (hasn't) painted.

Interrogativa

Have I/You/We/They painted?
Has He/She/It painted?